the dutch wholesalers and retailers in iran during qajar era

the present article is to analyze the history of the two dutch companies were activate in the field of import and export. one of them is hotz & zoon that we would offer its managers' biographies alongside many of their original initiatives the iranian further developments owe them. then, the history of iran's first real department-store (the teheran toko) as well as three dutch retailers that sold european goods to wealthy iranians. finally, three of unique photos of teheran toko have been published for the first time.